SS-31
MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONQuick Specifications
| Vial Size | 14MG |
|---|---|
| BAC Water | 1.2ML |
| Amount Per Unit | 0.116MG PER UNIT |
| Recommended Dose | 4.67MG (40 UNITS) |
| Frequency | 7 BOTTLE CYCLE 1X PER DAY FOR 21 DAYS 2 TO 3X PER YEAR |
| Injection Type | SUBCUTANEOUS |
| Timing | Best To Use Before Running A MOTS-C Cycle |
Research Overview
SS-31 (also known as elamipretide, Bendavia, and Forzinity) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide engineered to concentrate at the inner mitochondrial membrane at levels approximately 1,000–5,000 times higher than surrounding cellular tissue. Its mechanism is precise: SS-31 binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane that holds the electron transport chain machinery in place. As cardiolipin degrades with age and oxidative stress, the electron transport chain loosens, energy output drops, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production spikes. SS-31 stabilizes cardiolipin, tightening respiratory complexes I, III, and IV, reducing ROS production, and restoring efficient ATP generation. In aged mice, a single SS-31 injection restored in vivo mitochondrial energetics to young-mouse levels within one hour. SS-31 (as elamipretide/Forzinity) received FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 for Barth syndrome, a rare genetic disorder defined by defective cardiolipin remodeling — making it the first mitochondria-targeted therapeutic approved in the United States. For research purposes in non-Barth applications, SS-31 remains investigational. For research and educational purposes only.
How It Works
Cardiolipin Binding
SS-31's mechanism is highly specific: it binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin acts as the structural anchor for electron transport chain complexes. When cardiolipin degrades with age and oxidative stress, energy production efficiency drops significantly.
Electron Transport Chain Stabilization
By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 tightens respiratory complexes I, III, and IV into their optimal configuration. This reduces electron leakage that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) — the primary cause of mitochondrial damage — while restoring efficient ATP generation.
FDA Approval Context
SS-31 (as elamipretide/Forzinity) received FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 for Barth syndrome, a rare genetic disorder defined by defective cardiolipin remodeling. This makes it the first mitochondria-targeted therapeutic approved in the United States, validating its cardiolipin mechanism.
Commonly Studied With
These peptides are frequently researched alongside SS-31: 14mg due to complementary mechanisms:
Research references
The following PubMed resources are provided for educational reference. External links open in a new tab.
SS-31: 14mg information on this page is for research and educational purposes only. This content is not FDA-approved, does not constitute medical advice, and should not be used to guide personal health decisions. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before using any research compound.
Dose Calculator
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Recommended dose: 4.67MG (40 UNITS)